Sixty-nine 10-18year-old girls and boys participated in this study Fifty-two of the subjects had CD. Only six of them were girls, small female group, not statistically significant for comparison with the control group. Among forty-six AST boys, twenty boys were 10-14 years old and twenty-six were 14-18year-old (Figure 1A). The age and severity of CD (low vs. high) were explored only for boys. No signs of CD were found in seventeen boys and they formed the control group. Details on subject demographics and FPI assessment are summarized in Figure 1B.

The age and severity of CD (low vs. high) were explored only for boys, because the group size for girls with CD was small, this as limitation consequently, no gender effect was evaluated. The age and severity of CD (low vs. high) were explored only for boys.

Youth and children with CD revealed abnormalities in almost all axial elements of the DSM IV compared to control subjects. Aggression and academic underachievement were the strongest predictors of CD.

Pearson’s chi-square analyses revealed comparable comorbid and risk factors for AST when boys and girl were analyzed separately and when they analyzed together. Specifically, aggression (c2 = 24.3; p < 0.001; OR = 50.7, Phi < 0.7) and academic underachievement (c2 = 19.8; p < 0.001; OR = 25.14, Phi < 0.6) were the factors most strongly associated with CD in boys. Females are small in number in both groups and were thus not analyzed. Thus, the age and severity of CD (low vs. high) were explored only in boys.

The comorbid and risk factors of CD were comparable in boys of different ages, however break-down of the data at different levels of age by chi-square analysis revealed few age-related effects.

Aggression (c2 = 24.9; p < 0.001, Phi < 0.6), anxiety (c2 = 19; p < 0.001, Phi < 0.5), tobacco smoking (c2 = 21.4; p < 0.001, Phi < 0.6), and puerperium depression (c2 = 22.8; p < 0.001, Phi < 0.6) were strongly associated with AST at all ages. The lack of analytical tools to solve the problem (c2 = 18.1; p < 0.001, Phi < 0.5) and conflicts in the family (c2 = 16.8; p < 0.001, Phi < 0.5) also increased AST in younger and older boys.

Most importantly, significantly high prevalence of anxiety was found in 14-18 year-old boys with AST compared to 10-14 year-old boys (c2 = 11.3; p < 0.001; OR = 20.5, Phi = 0.50).

The break-down of the data at different levels of age by chi-square analysis revealed few age-related effects. Anxiety level was 15 times higher in 14-18 year old boys compared to 10-14 year old boys (c2 = 10.93; p < 0.001; Phi = 0.54).

MR images revealed alterations in brain tissue only in boys with CD (n = 10), however there was no statistical significance between brain malformation and CD. Cerebral dysgenesis was the most prevalent brain abnormality. CD subjects displayed (Figure 2); 1. Medial temporal lobe sclerosis (hypotrophy of either right or left hippocampus) (n = 2); 2. Hypogenesis of the corpus callosum i.e. the band of white matter connecting the two hemispheres of the brain, failed to develop normally and was thinner than in healthy subjects (n = 1); 3. Gray matter heterotrophy, a type of cortical dysplasia, which results in the mislocation of neurons during neuronal migration (n = 2); 4. Arnold-Chiari malformation type II, characterized by a downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils (hypoplastic cerebellum) through the foramen magnum (n = 1); 5.Arachnoid cysts in the temporal lobe and frontal convex (n = 2). All but two of the subjects described above had mothers with a history of stress and/or various complications during pregnancy and/or labor.  Moreover, subjects with the described brain malformations showed signs of epilepsy and/or ADHD they have been excluded – in CD people. Only one subject, having corpus callosum hypogenesis and gray matter heterotrophy in the parietal lobe, showed mild neurological symptoms, having conduct disorder with intellectual disability

Conduct disorder (CD) generally refers to actions that deviate significantly from established social norms. Signs of CD can be identified in children at a young age. The main approaches to identify factors contributing to the development and acceleration of ASB. Both possible biological and psychosocial risk factors for CD were assessed in order to design possible preventive strategies against CD development. In this study have not found o statistical significance between brain malformation and CD.

In principle, there are two main approaches to counteract the development and acceleration of CD. One can identify possible biological and psychosocial risk factors of AST in order to design preventive strategies against CD development. Though, the other approach is to develop an effective therapy (Stevens, 2008) for people with CD in order to offset the eventual transition of CD to enduring CD. Thus, the present study evaluated the risk and prognostic factors of CD in youth and children in Georgia. Most importantly, explored the group of children/youth with CD and in future works will provide psychotherapy and then evaluate the efficiency of to eliminate early signs of CD and to counteract CD development.

The present study yielded a high prevalence of aggression in children and youth with CD. Additionally, the measure of aggression contrasted between the boys with low- vs. high-CD. The incidence of aggression gradually increased from the low-CD to the high-CD group compared to healthy children and youth. Although aggression scores in this study are based on children and parental reports, it has a high reliability for prediction of CD 46. Thus, aggression can be considered a reliable marker for identifying the signs of CD in children and youth. Additionally, it can facilitate the identification the boys with high- vs. low-CD., The next study, the group of boys requiring a targeted intervention (e.g., psychotherapy) in order to prevent the transition from CD into permanent CD. The outcome of this study in Georgia with comparison the rest of Europe, USA and for instance, with previous studies 4748, would expect a cross-national similarity in the relationship pattern between aggression and CD. Also, it was expected to have behavioral issues in those with maternal depression or psychosocial stressors.

This study has been some limitations (small female group, small control group, study was depend on scales). Also, inclusion of children with neurological disorders might have biased the outcome. In future work would include female subject to avoid some of the limitations in this study.

The current study might benefit for future studies: Thus, the present study evaluated the risk and prognostic factors of CD in youth and children in Georgia. Most importantly, the group of children/youth with AST will be explored and will be evaluated the efficacy of psychotherapy to eliminate early signs of CD and to counteract CD development. In future works both the subject and the parent will be offered psychotherapeutic sessions (free of charge).

Thought it is sufficient amount for study brain morphology and Lesion classification/characterization, that is the main aim of work. For psychological assessment should be some limitation. But main goals of work was study of brain morphology in children/youth at risk of CD. A standard clinical evaluation of brain tissue by MRI did not reveal any association between brain abnormalities and CD. Although changes in cortical and subcortical regions and white matter were found in a few children with CD, the relationship was not significant. Nevertheless, brain abnormalities have previously been reported in children with CD 151649 aggressive and violent offenders 50 psychopaths and murderers 51. In the present study, there are few reasons for a low prediction of CD by MRI. Firstly, the MRI analyses are likely not sensitive enough to capture very early stages of ASB 37. In the future it may be interesting to determine whether the measure of grey and white matter volume can predict CD. Moreover, future functional MRI or positron emission tomography (PET) studies during resting state and/or in response to cognitive and emotional tasks 5253 may reveal abnormalities in brain function in CD children/youth. Currently, the causal relationship between the structural/functional deficits of the brain and CD remains unclear. One can hypothesis that brain deficits cause, CD whereas others can argue that the brain abnormalities could also result from the practice of an antisocial lifestyle.