Abstract
Microorganisms are the main cause of food-borne illness in humans that may occur by consuming unhygienic products from poultry and other sources. With the passage of time bacterial resistance to antibiotics is ever-increasing which necessitates development of new antibiotics. One of the most obvious reasons of antimicrobial resistance in human-beings is the consumption of contaminated food with microbes. The aim of present study is to isolate, identify and characterize the food-borne pathogens from chicken eggs. For this purpose, a total of 240 egg samples were collected from eight different towns of Faisalabad. Samples were collected from egg surface, yolk, albumin and egg tray. Isolation, identification and characterization of commonly occurring egg borne pathogens including
Author Contributions
Copyright© 2018
Ashraf Neelma, et al.
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Competing interests The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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Introduction
Poultry is one of the most important sectors in agriculture industry of Pakistan Egg is considered as a sole source of essential nutrients and it carries majority of proteins vital to human health. In spite of essential part in diet, different bacteria are found in eggs as a contamination or Microorganisms are the major cause of food borne diseases in human that occur by consuming unhealthy products from poultry and other sources. Among all microbes, bacteria are the most common organism to cause illness Immunity is the capacity of the body to resist the invading organisms. Immunity works by the immunoglobulins and white blood cells. Immunity of chicks may be modified by active or passive immunity
Materials And Methods
A total of 256 samples were collected from eight different towns of Faisalabad namely: D-Ground, Motorway city, Madina town, Batala colony, Millat town, Iqbal town, Gulberg colony and Ghulam Muhammadabad. The samples were collected by using simple random sampling technique. Samples were divided into four categories as: Egg tray, Egg shell, Egg yolk and albumin. Total 32 samples (8 per category) were collected from each selected town of Faisalabad ( The samples were then carried to laboratory for the Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, under sterile conditions and were stored at 4oC for further analysis. A wet sterile cotton swab was used for isolation purpose. It was swabbed on egg storing tray surface and then it was transmitted to peptone water. It was incubated at 37°C for 18 hours. A sterile cotton swab, soaked in sterilized normal saline was swabbed on egg surface and then it was transmitted to peptone water and incubated at 37°C for 18 hours. Samples of egg yolks and egg albumins were examined separately as 5 ml of each sample was mixed with 5 ml of normal saline solution. Afterwards, the solution was transferred to peptone water and then it was incubated at 37°C for 18 hours It was identified by growing the microorganisms in different general-purpose media, selective media and differential media e.g. Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, Staph 110 agar, Eosin methylene blue agar, Salmonella shigella agar etc. After counting, colonies of different appearance on all agars and in all sample were separately streaked on respective agars for obtaining pure colonies indicative of individual bacterial genus and species. Then incubation is done for 24 hours at 37oC. Streaking is a technique used to isolate a pure strain from a single species of microorganism, often bacteria Gram staining, spore staining, capsular staining and flagella staining techniques were used for morphological identification of microorganisms.
Results
Bacteria from nutrient agar (general purpose media) were streaked on MacConkey’s agar, Eosin methylene blue agar, Staphylococcus 110 agar and Salmonella-Shigella agar as shown in Sensitive; Resistant
Salmonella enteritidis(G –ve)
Indole test
-ve
VP test
-ve
Methyl red
+ve
Citrate test
+ve
Urease test
-ve
Escherichia coli(G –ve)
Indole test
+ve
Methyl red
+ve
VP test
-ve
Citrate test
-ve
Catalase test
+ve
Staphylococcus aureus(G +ve)
Catalase test
+ve
Coagulase test
+ve
Bacillus subtilis(G +ve)
VP test
+ve
Citrate test
+ve
Starch hydrolysis test
+ve (clearing around bacteria)
Sr. No.
Bacterial Isolates
Glucose Fermentation
Sucrose Fermentation
Lactose Fermentation
H2S Production
Gas Production
Bacteria
Drugs
Penicillin
Tetracycline
Cefotaxime
Gentamicin
Levofloxacin
Bacillus subtilis
Staphylococcus aureus
Escherchia coli
Salmonella entritidis
Discussion
Poultry is known to be the oldest on earth. It is known for over 150 million years. Poultry species include ducks, geese, turkeys, pheasants, pigeons, peafowl, guinea fowl and chickens. Poultry is important in providing food and fiber to humans in the form of eggs and meat. Among all poultry species chicken is the most commonly used specie for human food consumption. The commercial chicken is the largest industry that provides with eggs and meat Antibiotic resistance is a natural phenomenon. Data regarding the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the types of ESBLs produced by E. coli are available for certain regions of China and from many other countries