Abstract
Providing health care is the basic right of people(1).
Diagnostic radiology is one of the main procedures in health care services and proper benefiting from this technology is brought only under well planning and management(1).
Supervision of the available condition and its comparison with the recommended standards is a key role in assessing assurance from the benefit of these instruments (2). Data show that more than 80% of patients referring to these hospitals need radiology image (3).Improper service causes repetition of radiography and even wrong diagnosis, as a results threatening health of the patients (3) lack of protective barrier leads to the exposure of the staff to X-ray which is obviously carcinogen us (4). It happens that the instruments are not working properly, like of symmetry in X-ray field, defects in collimators, lack of adjusting ray field and X-ray, low quality or defective developing machine, lack of proper protective barrier, using low quality film and drugs, lack of protective barrier for children, all of which cause severe hazards for the patients and staff (4).
The crucial aim of medical services is to provide the public with their needs which are very important. The sensitivity of such services is to such an extent that in case of lack of care, the hazards are too high. In evaluation of health services, the first thing is to evaluate the device used. Methods, efficiency, profits and their combination for prevention and eradication of diseases are also important. Therefore to gain this goal, it is necessary the obtain results comparable with recommended standards. The purpose of this study was to access the conditions of radiology units at Mazandaran University hospitals and compare them with the standards of ICRU NCRP and ICRP. Radiology unit is the most expensive section of any hospital for its instruments, manpower and space provided. In a study conducted in 51centers on radiology staff, radiography room and protective barrier, ray leakage, the outcome were 89%, 82%, 77% and 37% respectively. It was found that the condition of these centers regarding the protective barriers is very unsuitable due to unawareness of the leakage (5, 6).Considering the mentioned necessities, in this study, the condition of radiography centers affiliated to the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences was studied for the type and the rate of problem, in order to provide a proper solving method.
Data were collected through, observation, interviewing and filling questionnaire. Results show that, the situations of the radiology units are for from international standard, to such an extent that it is matched clout 50%.
The results showed that, none of the dark rooms are standard, and do not have proper alarm signal. In 63% of these units there no tiling system about staff protection from radiation.
Defects in radiography room, protective barrier and lack looking rays were 60%, 51% and 47% respectively. Referring to the obtained data, periodic supervision, and obeying of the standards are necessary.
Author Contributions
Copyright© 2021
Keshavarz Vajiheh, et al.
License
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Competing interests The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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Introduction
Providing health care of is the basic right of people Supervision of the available condition and its comparison with the recommended standards is a key role in assessing assurance from the benefit of these instruments Improper service causes repetition and even wrong diagnosis, as a results threatening health of the patients It happens that the instruments are not working properly, like of symmetry in x ray field, defects in collimators, lack of adjusting ray field and x ray, also disorder in developing machine, lack of proper protective barrier, using low quality film and using drugs lack of protective barrier for children, all of which cause severe hazardous for the patients and staff In a study in USA, it was shown that one of the reasons of unnecessary receiving ray in patients is using higher than normal range of x-ray In a study performed in 8 mammography center of Tehran University of medical sciences, quality and contrast focusing image max kv with the real , function of photo timer , reproduction of radiation factor, contact of screen film, HVL, temperature function of developing chemicals, sensitivity, dosimeter, control of dark room bulb and environment were studied It was clear that, the entire center has non standard dark rooms and 87.5 of them have one or more defects in mammography instrument, 37.5% had impermissible mean dose of absorption. In a study conducted in 51centers to radiology staff, radiography room, protective barrier, ray leakage was 89%, 82%, 77% and 37% respectively it was found that the conditions of such centers for the view point of protective barriers. Is very unsuitable due to unawareness of the available lockage Considering the mentioned necessities, in this study, the condition of radiography centers affiliated to the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences was studied for the type and the rate of problem, in order to provide a proper solving method
Materials And Methods
In this study the conditions of the radiography units were compared with the standards. The variables under study were categorized in 6 groups: Radiography room for space, light ray lockage, height and condition and piece of pass cast ventilation, entry door, alarming pester, ray signal, preserving devices, loud speaker, minimum distance of tube from control room and patient's lavatory condition. Condition of radiography instruments like, model and installation date, function of mA. KV. Key and time of key moving in different direction of tubes. Bottoms of instrument rotation, film tray, key function, condition of tube arm and screen copy condition. Condition of control room for, size , situation towards radiography room light , size of lead glass, height of the lead glass from the floor , situation of lead glass towards x-ray room and control room hygiene . Condition of dark room for entry door , space of the place and distance to radiography room light leakage , internal decoration for reflection of light, ventilation ( power and light resistant) bulb ( type lf filter distance from film, bulb power) , film box (earth wire), charge of drug, needed light, developing device (type and duration of usage) of developing device condition of rollers , condition of installation, position of instrument, blank films and drugs storage for light , ventilation and humidity Condition of the other facilities such as patients preparing room, waiting room hygiene, staff room (space, facilities and hygiene) staff's lavatory (place, hygiene and space) Hilling room and personal, classification of films. In this study radiography units were visited and data were collected using questionnaire comprising questions based on radiology standards and protection against ray as well as interview and observation. Detective dose meter FJI model capable of detecting x and gamma rays in the range of 50 kev- 103 keV with energy response of 40-80% was used. An accurate thermometer with measuring range -10C to 150C and accuracy of +1C was used for the determination of developing chemicals and films temperature. A meter was used to measure the space of radiography and control rooms, height of pass cast, size of lead glass, and height of floor to ceiling. Leakage of ray from door when closed was noticed and lead covering of the wall for protection was considered.
Discussion
It was found that 76% of the radiology units had direct screen copy problem, only 96% had thyroid shield -gonad shield and, lead spectacle and lead cover. Considering the significance of such devices to protect children and adolescents against ray, such condition is very disappointing About the control of irradiation for staff it was found that 51% of the units had no medical filing system and periodic examination for the staff. Meanwhile 15% of them did not have person in charge of physic health to supervise and follow issues related to the personal protection and periodic check ups Generally, considering the results obtained from this evaluation and the repairable defects, regular periodic supervision is absolutely necessary (once every six months) by the expert in order to have better usage of the instruments and facilities